This study, conducted by Ensys Energy and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Policy and International Affairs, evaluates the impacts on U.S. and global refining, trade and oil markets of the Keystone XL project to bring additional Canadian crudes, including oil sands, into the United States. The study concluded that the Keystone XL pipeline would help reduce U.S. imports of foreign oil from sources outside of North America. The study also found that growing Canadian oil sands imports and U.S. demand reduction have the potential to very substantially reduce U.S. dependency on non-Canadian foreign oil, including oil from the Middle East.